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1 early
early [ˈɜ:lɪ]1. adjectivea. ( = near beginning of period) [years, days, film, book] premier• don't go, it's still early ne t'en va pas, il est encore tôtc. ( = before expected time) [departure, death] prématuré ; [flowers, crop] précoce• to be early [person, train] être en avanced. ( = occurring in near future) at an early date bientôt• "hoping for an early reply" « dans l'espoir d'une prompte réponse »2. adverba. ( = near beginning of period) [start] tôt• early next month/year tôt le mois prochain/l'année prochaine• early this month/year tôt dans le mois/l'année► early inb. [get up, go to bed, set off] tôt, de bonne heurec. ( = before usual time) [arrive, end] en avance ; [flower, harvest] tôt3. compounds* * *['ɜːlɪ] 1.1) ( one of the first) [attempt, role, years, novel, play] premier/-ière2) ( sooner than usual) [death] prématuré; [delivery, settlement] rapide; [vegetable, fruit] précoceto have an early lunch/night — déjeuner/se coucher tôt
at your earliest convenience — sout à votre convenance fml
3) ( in period of time)2.in early childhood — dans la petite ou première enfance
1) ( in period of time) tôtcan you make it earlier? — ( arranging time) pouvez-vous plus tôt?
2) (before expected, too soon) en avanceto do something two days/three weeks early — faire quelque chose avec deux jours/trois semaines d'avance
••it's the early bird that catches the worm — Prov l'avenir appartient à ceux qui se lèvent tôt
to be an early bird — être un/-e lève-tôt
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2 arrange
1. IIIarrange smth.1) arrange one's books (the collections, the files, etc.) расставлять /располагать/ книги и т. д. [в определенном парилке]; arrange one's letters раскладывать письма; arrange smb.'s papers приводить в порядок чьи-л. бумаги; arrange furniture расставить мебель; arrange one's dress (one's tie, the folds of one's robe, etc.) поправить платье и т. д.; she is good at arranging flowers a) она умеет красиво расставлять цветы; б) она умеет составлять красивые букеты; arrange one's ideas привести в порядок свои мысли; arrange one's arguments построить /выстроить/ систему аргументации2) arrange an interview (a concert, a dance, a feast, a marriage, etc.) устраивать /организовывать/ интервью и т. д.; he arranged the trip [это] он организовал /устроил/ поездку; be good at arranging discussions (parties, outings, balls, etc.) уметь хорошо организовывать дискуссии и т.д.; this artist is good at arranging the subjects of his picture композиция - сильная сторона этого художника3) arrange the matters (one's affairs, a dispute, a quarrel, our difficulties, etc.) уладить /урегулировать/ дела и т. д; arrange terms договориться об условиях2. IV1) arrange smth. in some manner arrange smth. alphabetically (systematically, topically, etc.) раскладывать или расставлять что-л. в алфавитном порядке и т. д.; he arranged the books clumsily он бестолково расставил книги; arrange one's hair carefully (properly, neatly, etc.) аккуратно и т. д. уложить волосы; she arranged her hair becomingly она сделала прическу, которая ей к лицу; arrange food tastefully аппетитно разложить еду (на блюде и т. п.)2) arrange smth. in some manner arrange an interview thoroughly (his reception properly, etc.) тщательно подготовить интервью и т. д., smth. at some time he arranged the meeting beforehand он заранее подготовил эту встречу3) arrange smth. in some manner arrange smth. amicably полюбовно уладить /урегулировать/ что-л.; arrange smth. satisfactorily to both parties найти решение, подходящее для обеих старин3. VIIarrange for smb. to do smth. arrange for her to wait (for him to come unannounced, for smb. to escort her, for smb. to go out, etc.) договориться, чтобы она подождала и т. д.; arrange for smth. to be done arrange for the cab to be called (for things to be taken away, for tickets to be booked, etc.) устроить /сделать/ так, чтобы вызвали /заказали/ такси и т. д.4. XIbe arranged everything has been arranged все устроено; be arranged in some manner the matter has been arranged satisfactorily вопрос был улажен [вполне удовлетворительно]; everything has been arranged as you wished все сделали /организовали/, как вы хотели; be arranged by/through/ smth. his contract was arranged by /through/ the mediation of friends контракт ему устроили друзья /был подписан благодаря посредничеству друзей/; be arranged that... it is arranged that he will stay for three weeks (that they will publish this data, that she will look after the child, etc.) есть договоренность, что он пробудет здесь три недели и т. д.5. XIIIarrange to do smth. arrange to start early (to meet her at ten o'clock, to be there, to be back on Sunday, etc.) договариваться /уславливаться/ выехать рано и т.д., can you arrange to be here at six o'clock? вы сможете [устроить так, чтобы] быть здесь в шесть часов?6. XVIarrange about smth. arrange about the tickets (about a matter, about that, etc.) договориться о билетах и т. д.; arrange with smb. about smth. arrange with the boss about a leave (with buyers about the price, with the creditors about another loan, etc.) договориться с хозяином об отпуске и т. д.; could you arrange with him about the reception? вы не смогли бы договориться с ним о приеме?; arrange for smth. I cannot arrange for everything я не могу организовать /обеспечить, устроить/ все7. XVIIarrange about doing smth. arrange about renting the concert-hall (about meeting the train, about having the house painted, etc.) договориться о том, чтобы снять концертный зал и т. д.8. XXI11) arrange smth., smb. on (in, etc.) smth. arrange smth. on the table (on the shelves, in the cupboard, etc.) располагать /расставлять, раскладывать/ что-л. на столе и т. д.; food on dishes разложить еду по тарелкам; the audience in their [proper] seats посадить зрителей на [их] места; arrange pupils in pairs построить учеников парами; arrange smth., smb. by (according to, in, etc.) smth. arrange cards by author and subject (books by size, topics in order of their importance, exhibits according to the numbers on the tags, etc.) располагать /расставлять/ [каталожные] карточки по авторам и темам и т. д.; arrange subjects in three classes разбить предметы на три категории, расклассифицировать предметы по трем категориям; arrange tourists in five parties разделить /распределить/ туристов на пять групп; arrange guests according to seniority рассадить гостей по старшинству; arrange authors on a historical basis классифицировать авторов по хронологическому принципу; arrange smth., smb. for smth. arrange the drawing-room for the evening party подготовить гостиную к приему гостей; arrange troops (the агаву) for battle привести войска (Армию) в боевую готовность, подготовить войска (армию) к бою2) arrange smth. for some time arrange a conference for Monday (a discussion on Thursday evening, a series of meetings with writers for the winter months, a discussion before the meeting, etc.) организовать /устроить/ конференцию в понедельник и т. д., назначить конференцию на понедельник и т. д.; arrange smth. for smth. arrange everything for the meeting (tickets for the performance, etc.) обеспечить все для встречи и т. д., arrange things for our trip to Italy устроить все дела, чтобы можно было [спокойно] поехать в Италию; arrange a time for smth. найти /выделить/ время для чего-л.; arrange smth. for smb. can you arrange this for me? можете ли вы мне это устроить?; arrange smth. between smb. arrange a meeting between the two parties (a marriage between them, etc.) устроить /организовать/ встречу сторон и т. д; arrange smth. with smb. arrange an interview with a famous actor (a meeting with a film director, a journey with a friend, etc.) устроить /организовать/ интервью с известным артистом и т. д.3) arrange smth. among (between) smb. arrange smth. among one selves (a dispute between the two boys, the terms between the parties, etc.) улаживать что-л. между собой и т. д; arrange smth. with smb., smth. arrange the terms of a bargain with a firm (the date with the chairman, etc.) договориться с фирмой об условиях сделки и т. д; arrange smth. with respect to smth. arrange the matter with respect to size (with respect to price, with respect to the possible delay, etc.) решить дело /условиться, договориться/ в отношении размера и т. д.4) arrange smth. for smth. arrange a piece for the violin (a piece for four voices, a score for the piano, this music for the violin, etc.) аранжировать пьесу для скрипки и т. д; arrange a story (a novel) for the stage переделать рассказ (роман) в пьесу, написать /сделать/ инсценировку рассказа (романа)9. XXIV1arrange smth. as smth. arrange a story as a play in the theatre переделать рассказ в пьесу, инсценировать рассказ10. XXVIarrange smth. that... I so arranged it that nobody heard of his departure я так все устроил, что никто ничего и не слыхал об его отъезде -
3 ♦ on
♦ on (1) /ɒn, ən/prep.1 (compl. di luogo: stato e moto, anche fig.) su; sopra; a; in: He was sitting [he sat down] on a chair, era seduto [si sedette] su una sedia; There's a book on the table, c'è un libro sulla (o sopra la) tavola; ( sport: calcio, ecc.) to play on the wing, giocare sulla fascia; (TV) to watch a new serial on Channel 4, guardare un serial nuovo su Canale 4; They live on the fifth floor, abitano al quinto piano; He lived on a farm, viveva in una fattoria; I don't like travelling on buses, non mi piace andare in autobus; There were paintings on the walls, c'erano quadri alle pareti; He's on the phone, è al telefono; The house was on fire, la casa era in fiamme; a house on the river, una casa sul fiume; to launch an attack on the enemy, sferrare un attacco al nemico; war on terrorism, la guerra al terrorismo; (naut., aeron.) on board, a bordo; to go on a trip, andare in gita; to wear a ring on one's finger, avere un anello al dito; The door is on your right, la porta è alla tua destra; The teachers are on strike, i docenti sono in sciopero; to be on duty, essere in servizio; essere di turno; to travel on horseback, viaggiare a cavallo; ( sport) shots on goal, tiri a rete; tiri in porta2 ( argomento) su; riguardo a; circa: a lecture on Shakespeare, una conferenza su Shakespeare; This is my opinion on racial segregation, questa è la mia opinione sulla segregazione razziale3 ( tempo) di, in (o idiom.); ( spesso seguito da un gerundio) a: on Sunday, (la) domenica; on a Sunday, una domenica; on Sundays, di domenica; on this occasion, in questa occasione; on my birthday, nel (o il) giorno del mio compleanno; on Christmas eve, la vigilia di Natale; on their arrival, al loro arrivo; (comm.) on delivery, alla consegna; (fin.) on sight, a vista; On seeing the accident, she fainted, svenne alla vista dell'incidente4 ( mezzo) a; con; di: My car runs on diesel, la mia automobile va a gasolio; I've cut my hand on a piece of glass, mi sono tagliato la mano con un pezzo di vetro; Man cannot live on bread alone, non si vive di solo pane; My sons live on the dole, i miei figli vivono del sussidio di disoccupazione5 ( modo) a; in; con; per: I went there on foot, ci sono andato a piedi; I heard the news on the radio, ho sentito la notizia alla radio (o per radio); He delivered a speech on TV, fece un discorso alla tivù; I bought the goods on credit, ho comprato la merce a credito; (comm.) on account, in conto; ( anche) in acconto; to buy st. on the cheap, comprare qc. a buon mercato6 ( causa) per; a motivo di; in virtù di; per merito di: He's been arrested on suspicion of murder, è stato arrestato per sospetto omicidio; He was appointed sales manager on his long experience in this field, è stato nominato direttore delle vendite per la sua lunga esperienza in questo campo7 ( beneficio, vantaggio) per; in: He spends a lot of money on presents for his wife, spende un mucchio di soldi in regali per la moglie; I've wasted a lot of time on trifles, ho perso un sacco di tempo per inezie8 a confronto di; rispetto a: Sales are down on last year, le vendite sono calate rispetto all'anno scorso9 in; al servizio (o alle dipendenze) di; in organico presso; ( sport) in squadra con: He's got a job on a newspaper, lavora in un giornale; Which side is he on?, con quale squadra gioca?10 (fam.) a spese di; in conto a; a carico di: You can get your dentures on the NHS, puoi avere la dentiera a carico dell'ASL; l'ASL ‘passa’ la dentiera; DIALOGO → - Arranging lunch appointment- Lunch is on me!, il pranzo lo offro io!11 (fam.: indica il danno subìto da q.; è idiom.): The phone went dead on me, mi cadde la linea ( del telefono); The truck broke down on him, gli si ruppe il camion12 ( slang) sul conto di; contro: The police have nothing on him, la polizia non ha niente in mano contro di lui● on account of, per conto di; a causa di □ ( radio, TV) on the air, in onda (avv.) □ on ( the o an) average, in media; di media □ to be on the ball, ( sport) essere sulla palla; avere la palla al piede; (fig.) essere un tipo sveglio □ on-call, ( di servizio, ecc.) a chiamata; senza appuntamento □ to be on drugs, drogarsi; farsi (pop.) □ on examination, dietro esame □ to be on guard, stare in guardia □ (leg.) to be on the jury, fare parte della giuria □ on loan, in prestito □ to be on the lookout, essere di sentinella; stare in guardia □ on no account, per nessuna ragione; per nessun motivo □ on penalty of death, pena la morte □ on the phone, al telefono; ( anche) in elenco □ ( di donna) to be on the pill, prendere la pillola ( anticoncezionale) □ on purpose, di proposito; a bella posta; apposta □ on reaching home, quando sono arrivato (sei arrivato, ecc.) a casa □ to be on the regular staff, essere di ruolo (o in pianta stabile) □ on sale, in vendita □ (comm.) on sale or return, da vendere o restituire; in conto deposito □ on the spot, su due piedi (fig.); immediatamente: an on-the-spot decision, una decisione immediata □ to be on the staff, fare parte del personale; essere in organico □ to be on strike, essere in sciopero □ on tap, ( della birra) alla spina; (fig.: di merce) disponibile □ on time (o on the minute), in tempo esatto; puntualmente □ on my way home, andando a casa; mentre andavo a casa □ on the whole, nel complesso □ (fam.) Drinks are on the house!, offre la ditta (il padrone, ecc.)! □ just on ten o'clock, proprio verso le dieci □ to be mad on st., andare pazzo per qc. □ ( anche fig.) to turn one's back on sb., voltare le spalle a q. □ He made a profit on the sale, ricavò un guadagno dalla vendita □ I dropped the tray on the floor, ho lasciato cadere a terra il vassoio.NOTA D'USO: - on o in?- ♦ on (2) /ɒn/avv.1 avanti; innanzi: Go on!, va' avanti!; Come on!, vieni avanti!; fatti avanti!; to send on, mandare avanti (q.); inoltrare ( una lettera, ecc.)2 sopra; addosso; in testa: He had his raincoat on, aveva addosso l'impermeabile; He came in with his hat on, è entrato col cappello in testa3 (per indicare continuazione, è idiom.; per es.:) to read on, continuare a leggere4 (nei verbi frasali, è idiom.; per es.:) to bring on, causare, provocare, ecc.; to come on, venire ( bene, male, ecc.); apparire; cominciare; ecc. (► to bring, to come, ecc.) NOTA D'USO: - onto o on to?-5 ( Borsa, fin.: di titoli) su; in ascesa; in rialzo; in ripresa: Industrials were on five points yesterday, le azioni industriali ieri erano in rialzo di cinque punti● to be on about st., parlare di continuo di qc.; blaterare qc.: What is he on about this time?, e adesso, che cosa sta blaterando? □ to be on at sb., stare addosso a q.; assillare, importunare q.: She's always on at her husband to stop going to the pub, assilla sempre il marito perché smetta di andare al pub □ ( sport: calcio, ecc.) to be on for, entrare in campo al posto di: ( in una radiocronaca o telecronaca) Jones on for Martins, entra in campo Jones al posto di Martins □ to be on to, mettersi in contatto con, rivolgersi a, chiamare ( anche al telefono); ( anche) stare dietro a (q.); tenere d'occhio (q. o qc.); essere sulle tracce di; stare addosso a (q.); assillare, tormentare; (fam. USA) essere al corrente (o informato) di; avere scoperto (qc.): I've been on to the headmaster, but it was no use, mi sono rivolto al preside, ma non è servito a nulla; We'd better be on to the fire brigade, sarebbe meglio chiamare i pompieri; I've been on to his moves for weeks, sono settimane che tengo d'occhio le sue mosse; The police were on to the kidnappers, la polizia era sulle tracce dei rapitori; He's been on to me to buy a new car for years, sono anni che mi sta addosso perché compri una macchina nuova; Mother wasn't on to what was happening, la mamma non era al corrente di quel che stava accadendo □ (fam.) to be on to sb., avere capito il gioco di q. (o come stanno le cose) □ on and off, a intervalli; in modo intermittente; saltuariamente □ on and on, incessantemente, senza posa, senza sosta: He talked on and on, non la smetteva mai di parlare □ and so on, e così via; eccetera □ far on in the night, fino a notte avanzata □ from that day on, da quel giorno in poi □ later on, più tardi; dopo; poi □ He's well on in years, è avanti con gli (o negli) anni □ It's getting on for ten o'clock, si stanno facendo le dieci; manca poco alle dieci □ Come on!, suvvia!; via!; orsù!♦ on (3) /ɒn/a. pred.1 attaccato; fissato: The button is on, il bottone è attaccato; The lid of the trunk is on, il coperchio del baule è fissato2 attaccato; inserito; acceso; in funzione; aperto; avviato: The iron is on, il ferro da stiro è attaccato; DIALOGO → - Downloading and printing- Is the printer on?, la stampante è accesa?; The fire was on, il fuoco era acceso; When I go out, I usually leave the lights on, di solito, quando esco, lascio la luce accesa; The gas is on, il gas è aperto; The tap is on, il rubinetto è aperto; The water is on, l'acqua viene (o arriva); ( anche) la sto tirando; The handbrake is on, il freno a mano è inserito (o è tirato); The engine is on, il motore è avviato3 (= on duty) in servizio; di turno: Only two policemen were on, erano in servizio soltanto due poliziotti4 fissato; stabilito; programmato: The meeting is on for tomorrow, la riunione è fissata per domani; Do you have anything on tonight?, hai niente in programma per stasera?; che si fa stasera?5 (cinem., teatr.) in cartellone; in corso di programmazione: DIALOGO → - Television- What's on TV tonight?, che cosa danno questa sera in TV?; DIALOGO → - Television- There's absolutely nothing on as usual, non c'è assolutamente niente come al solito; ‘Hamlet’ will be on for ten nights, l'‘Amleto’ terrà il cartellone per dieci sere6 ( di un attore, ecc.) di scena; ( radio, TV) in onda: You're on in five minutes, fra cinque minuti sei di scena (o vai in onda)7 ( di un evento, una gara, un concerto, ecc.) in svolgimento; in corso; in atto; (già) cominciato; ( sport) The match is on, la partita è in corso; The performance is on, lo spettacolo è già cominciato9 che è d'accordo; che ci sta; che è della partita: ‘How about a trip to Venice?’ ‘I'm on’, ‘che ne dici di una gita a Venezia?’ ‘ci sto’; There's a party tonight; are you on?, c'è una festa stasera; ci stai? (o ci vai?)10 (fam. USA) che capisce; che si rende conto: I tried to act as if nothing had happened, but my wife was on at once, cercai di comportarmi come se non fosse successo nulla, ma mia moglie capì subito11 ( sport: di un giocatore) in campo; che gioca: Carew has been on for half an hour, Carew è in campo da mezz'ora● (fam.) an on day, una giornata buona, una giornata sì ( in cui si è di buonumore, ecc.) □ (agric., comm.) an on year, un anno buono (o favorevole); una buona annata □ not on, non attaccato, disinserito, spento, staccato, ecc.; non programmato, rinviato, non più attuale; ( al ristorante: di un piatto) finito, non disponibile; (fam.) inaccettabile, improponibile, intollerabile; non fattibile, impossibile: It's just not on to treat my house as if it were a hotel!, non mi va affatto che si tratti la mia casa come fosse un albergo!; I'm afraid a holiday abroad is not on this summer, temo proprio che una vacanza all'estero non sia possibile quest'estate □ (fam.) DIALOGO → - Arranging lunch appointment- You're on, d'accordo.on (4) /ɒn/nei composti:( radio, TV) on-air, in onda; in trasmissione; in diretta; (fam. USA) on-and-offer, chi fa lavori occasionali; on-board ► onboard; (cinem., TV) on-camera, inquadrato; (edil.) on centre, interasse; (mecc.) on-centre, centrato; (ling.) on-glide, catastasi; on-the-job injury, infortunio sul lavoro; (org. az.) on-the-job training, formazione sul lavoro; (market.) on-licence, licenza per la vendita di alcolici da consumare sul posto; (comput., elettr.) on-line ► online; (spec. polit.) on-message, in linea, allineato ( con la politica del proprio partito); ( di luce) on-off, intermittente; ( nei sistemi di controllo) on-off control, regolazione on-off; (elettr.) on-off switch, interruttore acceso/spento; (autom.) on-road performance, comportamento (o prestazioni) su strada; on-screen, (TV, cinem.) sullo schermo, inquadrato; sugli schermi; (comput.) a video, sullo schermo: on-screen keyboard, tastiera su schermo; (TV) on-screen dialogue, dialogo con i personaggi inquadrati; on-screen violence, la violenza al cinema (o in TV); (teatr.) on-stage, in scena; che avviene sul palcoscenico ( non dietro le quinte); (ind.) on-stream, (avv.) in produzione, in esercizio, produttivamente; (agg.) produttivo: (org. az.) on-stream factor, saturazione produttiva; (autom.) on-street parking, parcheggio in strada; (elettr.) the on switch, l'interruttore per l'accensione (o per il collegamento).on (5) /ɒn/n. e a. attr.( cricket) settore del campo alla sinistra del battitore destrimano.on (6) /ɒn/inter.● On with the show!, si dia inizio allo spettacolo! -
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Questa sezione contiene quasi 2000 frasi in lingua inglese con traduzione italiana, suddivise per argomento e presentate in più di 170 dialoghi. Gli argomenti trattati corrispondono a situazioni di vita reale: la serata al ristorante, una visita medica, una riunione di lavoro, le discussioni sul calcio. Le registrazioni sono state effettuate da attori madrelingua con un'intonazione e una velocità naturali per la comunicazione orale. Sono stati effettuati alcuni adattamenti del materiale. Per offrire una casistica più ampia, talvolta si possono ascoltare risposte alternative ad una sola domanda oppure frasi intere rispetto alla più naturale risposta breve. Categoria - Section- At home-- Chores-- Post-- School-- At work-- Absence-- Medical-- DVD-- Shoes-- Social1-- Date-- Weather-- Wedding-- Social2-- Darts-- Dessert-- Pool-- Travel-- Parking-- Petrol-- Skiiing-English-Italian dictionary > --DIALOGHI - AUDIO PHRASE-BOOK--
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5 some
sʌm
1. мест.;
неопред.;
как сущ.
1) кое-кто, некоторые, одни, другие This bird feeds on worms and according to some, on roots. ≈ Эта птица питается червями и, как утверждают некоторые, корнями растений. Some ran, some did not run. ≈ Одни побежали, другие нет. Syn: others
2.
2) некоторое количество He ran a mile and then some. ≈ Он пробежал одну милю и потом еще немного. ∙ and then some
2. мест.;
неопред.;
как прил.
1) какой-нибудь, какой-то, некий, некоторый It was in some newspaper. ≈ Это было в какой-то газете. - some day - some time
2) некоторый, несколько;
часто не переводится Please give me some milk. ≈ Дайте мне, пожалуйста, молока. There are some some cats in the garden. ≈ В саду несколько кошек.
3) немного, несколько I shall be away for some time. ≈ Некоторое время меня здесь не будет. - some few
4) много, немало, порядочно He'll need some health. ≈ Ему потребуется немало здоровья.
5) разг. замечательный, в полном смысле слова, стоящий часто ирон. That was some party! ≈ Вот это была вечеринка! Syn: remarkable, striking
3. мест.;
неопред.;
как нареч.
1) разг. несколько, до некоторой степени, отчасти He felt some better. ≈ Он почувствовал себя немного лучше. Syn: somewhat
2.
2) около, приблизительно The club consists of some 40 members. ≈ В клубе где-то около сорока человек. twenty-some people ≈ примерно двадцать человек Syn: about
1., nearly, approximately какой-нибудь, (хоть) какой-то - * other solution will have to be found придется (нужно) найти (какое-то) другое решение - ask * experienced person спроси (у) какого-нибудь опытного человека - give it to * lawyer передайте (поручите) это (какому-нибудь) юристу - he will have to make * sort of reply ему ведь придется хоть что-то ответить - let's do that * other time давайте сделаем это как-нибудь в другой раз - come and see me * Monday приходите ко мне как-нибудь в понедельник (в какой-нибудь из понедельников) - I shall see you * day this week мы с вами увидимся как-нибудь на этой недел - he must buy * new cpothes ему нужно купить себе из одежды - can you give me * lunch? не дадите ли вы мне что-нибудь позавтракать (пообедать) ?, не покормите ли вы меня завтраком (обедом) ? какой-то, некий - * variation некая разновидность - * man wants to speak to you с тобой хочет поговорить какой-то человек - * Mr. Smith wants to see you вас хочет видеть некий (какой-то) мистер Смит - * fool has locked the door какой-то дурак запер дверь - he went to * place in France он поехал куда-то во Францию - * one какой-нибудь один;
кто-то, кто-нибудь, кто-либо - * else кто-то другой - * else's чужой, не свой - * or other тот или иной;
кто-нибудь, кто-либо - *has to lock up the house кто-нибудь (кто-то) должен запереть дом - * one place выберите какое-нибудь одно место некоторые, одни;
другие - * people say that it is not difficult некоторые (люди) говорят, что это нетрудно - * fans paid ten dollars for their seats! есть такие болельщики, которые заплатили по десять долларов за место! - * days he earns more, * days less в какие-то дни он зарабатывает больше, в какие-то - меньше некоторое количество, немного - I would like * milk я бы выпил (немного) молока - have * more tea выпейте еще чаю - when I have * free time когда у меня бывает свободное время - he has * money to spare у него есть лишние деньги( немного свободных денег) - have * pity! сжальтесь!, пожалейте (меня) ! несколько - it happened * years ago это случилось несколько лет тому назад - I saw * people walking in the garden as I passed когда я проходил (мимо), я видел нескольких людей, гуляющих в саду - * miles more to go еще несколько миль ходьбы немало, порядочно - it takes * time на это нужно время - it needs * pluck to do that это требует известного (немалого) мужества - they discussed it at * length они обсуждали это довольно долго - the station is * distance off станция находится на некотором расстоянии отсюда - he had * trouble in arranging it он устроил это с немалым трудом;
ему не так просто было устроить это (американизм) (сленг) отличный, что надо, хоть куда - it is * cake! вот это торт! - * heat! ну и жара, нечего сказать! - that's * rain! ну и дождь( хлещет) ! - three hundred biles an hour! * speed! триста маль в час! вот это скорость! в сочетаниях (см. примеры) - *... or other тот или иной - in * book or other в одной из книг, в какой-то книге - we must settle this question * way or other нам нужно как-то (каким-то образом) решить (удалить) этот вопрос - * idiot or other was shouting all the night какой-то болван (идиот) орал всю ночь приблизительно, около, примерно - * hundred people около ста человек - we were * sixty in all нас было всего( примерно) шестьдесят - it costs * twenty pounds это стоит около двадцати фунтов( разговорное) несколько, немного - he felt * better ему стало несколько лучше;
он стал чувствовать себя немного лучше - * few немного, незначительное количество - I waited * few minutes я подождал всего несколько минут( американизм) (эмоционально-усилительно) очень, значительно - he was annoyed * он порядком рассердился - we were beaten * нас разделали под орех, нам поддали как следует - it amused me * это меня порядком позабавило - it was a fast train and it went * это был скорый поезд, и он шел на всех парах (преимущественно) (шотландское) слегка;
чуть-чуть кое-кто, некоторые, одни;
другие - * think that it is easy некоторые считают, что это легко - * agree with us, and * disagree некоторые (одни) с нами согласны, некоторые ( другие) нет - * of the boys come very early некоторые мальчики приходят (часть мальчиков приходит) очень рано кое-что, некоторые, одни;
другие - I agree with * of what you say кое с чем из того, что вы говорите, я согласен - * are gold, * silver некоторые (одни) (вещи) из золота, некоторые (другие) из серебра, кое-что из золота, а кое-что из серебра - * of these days на днях, скоро некоторое количество, немного - * of the paper is damaged часть бумаги испорчена - he will be in town all August and * of September он пробудет в городе весь август и часть сентября - this is good, will you have *? это вкусно, хотите (попробовать) немного? несколько, немного - I want * of these strawberries дайте мне (немного) этой клубники -... and (then) *... и еще сверх того - he wants the lot and then * ему нужно все без остатка и еще сверх того - he's up to all the tricks and then * он знает все эти фокусы and (then) ~ разг. и еще много в придачу;
вдобавок;
some of these days вскоре, на днях, в ближайшие дни ~ (как нареч.) разг. несколько, до некоторой степени, отчасти;
some colder немного холодней;
he seemed annoyed some он казался немного раздосадованным ~ некоторый, несколько;
часто не переводится;
I have some money to spare у меня есть лишние деньги ~ (как прил.) некий, некоторый, какой-то, какой-нибудь;
I saw it in some book (or other) я видел это в какой-то книге I saw ~ people in the distance я увидел людей вдали;
I would like some strawberries мне хотелось бы клубники I saw ~ people in the distance я увидел людей вдали;
I would like some strawberries мне хотелось бы клубники this is ~ picture! вот это действительно картина!;
she's some girl! вот это девушка! some разг. замечательный, в полном смысле слова, стоящий (часто ирон.) ;
some battle крупное сражение;
some scholar! ну и ученый! ~ prop indef. (как сущ.) кое-кто, некоторые, одни, другие;
some came early некоторые пришли рано ~ (как прил.) некий, некоторый, какой-то, какой-нибудь;
I saw it in some book (or other) я видел это в какой-то книге ~ prop indef. некоторое количество;
some of these books are quite useful некоторые из этих книг очень полезны ~ некоторый, несколько;
часто не переводится;
I have some money to spare у меня есть лишние деньги ~ немало, порядочно;
you'll need some courage вам потребуется немало мужества ~ (как нареч.) разг. несколько, до некоторой степени, отчасти;
some colder немного холодней;
he seemed annoyed some он казался немного раздосадованным ~ несколько, немного;
some few несколько;
some miles more to go осталось пройти еще несколько миль;
some years ago несколько лет тому назад ~ около, приблизительно;
there were some 20 persons present присутствовало около 20 человек ~ около ~ приблизительно some разг. замечательный, в полном смысле слова, стоящий (часто ирон.) ;
some battle крупное сражение;
some scholar! ну и ученый! ~ prop indef. (как сущ.) кое-кто, некоторые, одни, другие;
some came early некоторые пришли рано ~ (как нареч.) разг. несколько, до некоторой степени, отчасти;
some colder немного холодней;
he seemed annoyed some он казался немного раздосадованным ~ несколько, немного;
some few несколько;
some miles more to go осталось пройти еще несколько миль;
some years ago несколько лет тому назад ~ prop indef. некоторое количество;
some of these books are quite useful некоторые из этих книг очень полезны and (then) ~ разг. и еще много в придачу;
вдобавок;
some of these days вскоре, на днях, в ближайшие дни ~ day, ~ time (or other) когданибудь;
some one какой-нибудь (один) ;
some people некоторые люди ~ day, ~ time (or other) когданибудь;
some one какой-нибудь (один) ;
some people некоторые люди ~ place где-нибудь;
some way out какой-нибудь выход some разг. замечательный, в полном смысле слова, стоящий (часто ирон.) ;
some battle крупное сражение;
some scholar! ну и ученый! ~ day, ~ time (or other) когданибудь;
some one какой-нибудь (один) ;
some people некоторые люди time: some ~ = sometime some ~ в течение некоторого времени some ~ некоторое время ~ place где-нибудь;
some way out какой-нибудь выход ~ несколько, немного;
some few несколько;
some miles more to go осталось пройти еще несколько миль;
some years ago несколько лет тому назад ~ около, приблизительно;
there were some 20 persons present присутствовало около 20 человек this is ~ picture! вот это действительно картина!;
she's some girl! вот это девушка! ~ немало, порядочно;
you'll need some courage вам потребуется немало мужества -
6 planning
1. n планирование2. n проектирование3. n землеустройствоСинонимический ряд:1. devising (adj.) arranging; considering; designing; devising; masterminding; plotting; preparing; scheming; shaping2. formulation (noun) conception; designing; devising; formulation; outlining; plan; preparation3. designing (verb) arranging; blueprinting; casting; charting; contriving; designing; devising; draw up; framing; lay out; laying out; mapping; mapping out; projecting; set out; setting out4. meaning (verb) aiming; contemplating; intending; meaning; projecting; proposing; purposing -
7 flower
flower ['flaʊə(r)]1 noun∎ to be in flower être en fleur ou fleurs;∎ to come into flower fleurir;∎ the tree is coming into flower l'arbre commence à fleurir;∎ no flowers by request (at funeral) ni fleurs ni couronnes;∎ to do the flowers (arrange) s'occuper des compositions florales∎ literary the flower of the youth of Athens/of the army la fine fleur de la jeunesse athénienne/de l'armée;∎ in the full flower of youth dans la fleur de la jeunesse∎ flowers of sulphur fleur f de soufreflower arranging (UNCOUNT) art m floral;∎ the flower arranging took no time at all la composition florale a été réalisée en un rien de temps;flower child hippy mf, hippie mf (surtout des années soixante);flower garden jardin m d'agrément;flower girl (selling flowers) marchande f de fleurs; (at wedding) = petite fille qui porte des fleurs dans un mariage, ≃ demoiselle f d'honneur;flower head capitule m;flower market marché m aux fleurs;flower people hippies mpl (surtout des années soixante);flower petal pétale m de fleur;flower power = pacifisme prôné par les hippies, surtout dans les années soixante;flower shop fleuriste m;∎ she owns two flower shops elle est propriétaire de deux boutiques de fleurs;flower show exposition f de fleurs; (outdoors, on a large scale) floralies fpl;flower vase vase m à fleurs -
8 arrange
ə'rein‹1) (to put in some sort of order: Arrange these books in alphabetical order; She arranged the flowers in a vase.) ordenar, disponer2) (to plan or make decisions (about future events): We have arranged a meeting for next week; I have arranged to meet him tomorrow.) organizar, planear3) (to make (a piece of music) suitable for particular voices or instruments: music arranged for choir and orchestra.) arreglar, adaptar•- arrangements
arrange vb1. arreglar / colocar2. organizar / concertar3. acordar / arreglar / quedar / encargarse decould you arrange everything? ¿te podrías encargar de todo?tr[ə'reɪnʤ]1 (hair, flowers) arreglar; (furniture etc) colocar, ordenar2 (plan) planear, organizar3 (music) arreglar4 (marriage) concertar5 (agree on) acordar6 (take care of) arreglar, encargarse de1 hacer preparativos\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto arrange to do something quedar en hacer algo1) order: arreglar, poner en orden, disponer2) settle: arreglar, fijar, concertar3) adapt: arreglar, adaptarv.• acomodar v.• ajustar v.• alistar v.• aliñar v.• aparar v.• aprestar v.• arreglar v.• clasificar v.• colocar v.• componer v.• concertar v.• disponer v.• fijar v.• ordenar v.• organizar v.• poner v.(§pres: pongo, pones...) pret: pus-pp: puestofut/c: pondr-•)ə'reɪndʒ
1.
1)a) (put in certain order, position) \<\<furniture\>\> arreglar, disponer*; \<\<flowers\>\> arreglarI arranged the cards in alphabetical order — coloqué or puse las fichas en orden alfabético, ordené las fichas alfabéticamente
b) ( put in order) arreglar, ordenarto arrange one's hair/clothes — arreglarse el pelo/la ropa
2) ( fix up in advance) \<\<meeting/party\>\> organizar*; \<\<date/fee\>\> fijar; \<\<deal/appointment\>\> concertar*; \<\<loan\>\> tramitarwe arranged between us who would do what — acordamos or arreglamos entre los dos quién se encargaría de cada cosa
she had arranged to meet them for lunch — había quedado en encontrarse con ellos para comer, había quedado con ellos para comer (Esp)
3) ( Mus) arreglar
2.
vi[ǝ'reɪndʒ]to arrange for somebody/something to + inf: could you arrange for the carpets to be cleaned? ¿podría encargarse de que alguien venga a limpiar las alfombras?; we've arranged for you to see the specialist — le hemos pedido hora or una cita con el especialista
1. VT1) (=put into order) [+ books, thoughts] ordenar; [+ hair, flowers] arreglarhow did we arrange matters last time? — ¿cómo lo organizamos la última vez?
2) (=place) [+ furniture, chairs] disponer, colocarhow is the room arranged? — ¿qué disposición tienen los muebles?
3) (=plan) planear, fijar; [+ meeting] organizar; [+ schedule, programme] acordar"to be arranged" — "por determinar"
it was arranged that... — se quedó en que...
•
have you anything arranged for tomorrow? — ¿tienes planes para mañana?, ¿tienes algún compromiso mañana?•
a marriage has been arranged between... — se ha concertado la boda de...•
I've arranged a surprise for tonight — he preparado una sorpresa para esta noche•
to arrange a time for — fijar una hora para•
what did you arrange with him? — ¿en qué quedaste con él?4) (Mus) adaptar, hacer los arreglos de2.VII arranged to meet him at the cafe — quedé en verlo or quedé con él en el café
I have arranged to see him tonight — quedamos en vernos esta noche, he quedado con él esta noche
to arrange with sb to — + infin ponerse de acuerdo con algn para que + subjun
to arrange with sb that — convenir con algn en que + subjun
can you arrange for my luggage to be sent up? — por favor, (haga) que me suban el equipaje
can you arrange for him to replace you? — ¿puedes arreglarlo para que te sustituya?
* * *[ə'reɪndʒ]
1.
1)a) (put in certain order, position) \<\<furniture\>\> arreglar, disponer*; \<\<flowers\>\> arreglarI arranged the cards in alphabetical order — coloqué or puse las fichas en orden alfabético, ordené las fichas alfabéticamente
b) ( put in order) arreglar, ordenarto arrange one's hair/clothes — arreglarse el pelo/la ropa
2) ( fix up in advance) \<\<meeting/party\>\> organizar*; \<\<date/fee\>\> fijar; \<\<deal/appointment\>\> concertar*; \<\<loan\>\> tramitarwe arranged between us who would do what — acordamos or arreglamos entre los dos quién se encargaría de cada cosa
she had arranged to meet them for lunch — había quedado en encontrarse con ellos para comer, había quedado con ellos para comer (Esp)
3) ( Mus) arreglar
2.
vito arrange for somebody/something to + inf: could you arrange for the carpets to be cleaned? ¿podría encargarse de que alguien venga a limpiar las alfombras?; we've arranged for you to see the specialist — le hemos pedido hora or una cita con el especialista
-
9 leave
I [liːv]1) (anche leave of absence) (time off) permesso m., congedo m.; mil. licenza f.on leave — in congedo; mil. in licenza
2) (permission) permesso m., autorizzazione f.to give sb. leave to do — dare a qcn. il permesso di fare
3) (departure)II 1. [liːv]to take leave of sb. — prendere congedo da qcn.
1) (depart from) partire da [house, station etc.]; (more permanently) lasciare [country, city etc.]; (by going out) uscire da [room, building]to leave school — (permanently) lasciare la scuola
to leave the track — [ train] deragliare
to leave the ground — [ plane] staccarsi da terra, decollare
to leave one's seat — lasciare il proprio posto, alzarsi
the smile left her face — fig. il sorriso scomparve dal suo volto
2) (leave behind) (forgetfully) lasciare [ person]; lasciare, dimenticare [ object]; (deliberately) lasciare [ partner]; lasciare [key, instructions]; (permanently) abbandonare [animal, family]to leave sb. sth. — lasciare qcs. a qcn.
to leave sb., sth. in sb.'s care — affidare qcn., qcs. alle cure di qcn
3) (let remain) lasciare [food, drink, gap]you leave me no choice but to... non mi lasci altra scelta che...; to leave sth. tidy lasciare qcs. in ordine; we have five minutes left abbiamo ancora cinque minuti; he was left short of money rimase a corto di denaro; the accident left him an orphan l'incidente lo rese orfano; the attack left her with a scar l'aggressione le procurò una cicatrice; where does that leave me? — che ne sarà di me?
to leave sth. to sb. — lasciare qcs. a qcn. [ task]
to leave it (up) to sb. to do — lasciare a qcn. il compito di fare
to leave the decision (up) to sb. — lasciare la decisione a qcn.
to leave sb. to it — (to do something) lasciare che qcn. se la sbrogli; (to be alone) lasciare perdere qcn.
to leave sb. to himself to leave sb. be colloq. lasciare stare qcn.; leave it to o with me — lascia fare a me
5) (result in) [oil, wine, cup] lasciare [ stain]; fare, lasciare [hole, dent]6) (postpone) lasciare stare [task, homework]to leave it at that — lasciare stare o restare (d'accordo) così
8) (bequeath) lasciare in eredità [money, property] (to a)9) (pass)2. 3.to leave sth. on one's right — lasciare qcs. alla propria destra
to leave oneself (with) — tenersi [time, money]
- leave go- leave on* * *I [li:v] past tense, past participle - left; verb1) (to go away or depart from, often without intending to return: He left the room for a moment; They left at about six o'clock; I have left that job.)2) (to go without taking: She left her gloves in the car; He left his children behind when he went to France.)3) (to allow to remain in a particular state or condition: She left the job half-finished.)4) (to let (a person or a thing) do something without being helped or attended to: I'll leave the meat to cook for a while.)5) (to allow to remain for someone to do, make etc: Leave that job to the experts!)6) (to make a gift of in one's will: She left all her property to her son.)•- leave out
- left over II [li:v] noun1) (permission to do something, eg to be absent: Have I your leave to go?)2) ((especially of soldiers, sailors etc) a holiday: He is home on leave at the moment.)•- take one's leave of- take one's leave* * *leave /li:v/n. [u]1 permesso; licenza; autorizzazione: (form.) to beg leave, chiedere il permesso; You have my leave to go out, Le do il permesso d'uscire; by your leave, col vostro permesso2 (= leave of absence) permesso; licenza; congedo; aspettativa: to ask for leave, chiedere un permesso; to be on leave, essere in congedo (o in permesso); (mil.) essere in licenza; a two weeks' leave, due settimane di congedo; paid leave (o leave with pay) permesso (o congedo) retribuito3 congedo; commiato; partenza; sick leave, congedo per motivi di salute; (mil.) licenza di convalescenza; maternity leave, congedo per maternità; study leave, congedo per studio4 periodo di vacanza; ferie: annual leave, ferie che spettano in un anno: He still had one week's annual leave, aveva ancora una settimana di ferie ( da godere)● leave-breaker, impiegato (o militare, ecc.) che non si ripresenta allo scadere del congedo □ (leg.) leave of the court, autorizzazione del giudice □ a leave on full [on half] salary (o wages), un congedo con trattamento economico pieno [dimezzato] □ (form.) leave-taking, commiato; congedo □ extended leave, congedo prolungato; aspettativa □ (mil.) short leave, libera uscita □ to take one's leave, accomiatarsi; congedarsi □ to take leave of sb., accomiatarsi (o congedarsi) da q. □ (fig.) to take leave of one's senses, perdere il ben dell'intelletto; uscire di senno □ (fam., antiq.) without so much as a «with your leave» (o a «by your leave»), senza nemmeno chiedere il permesso.♦ (to) leave (1) /li:v/(pass. e p. p. left)A v. t.1 lasciare; abbandonare; lasciare in eredità; dimenticare; partire da; uscire da; affidare; consegnare; cedere: We left him alone, lo abbiamo lasciato solo; The film left me cold, il film mi ha lasciato indifferente; We left Rome yesterday, siamo partiti da Roma ieri; DIALOGO → - Putting the heating on- What time are you leaving the house tomorrow?, a che ora esci di casa domani?; I always leave home at 8 o'clock, esco sempre di casa alle 8; DIALOGO → - Arranging a meeting- I was thinking of leaving work early on Friday, pensavo di uscire prima dal lavoro venerdì; I left my bag on the train, ho dimenticato (o lasciato) la borsa in treno; I'll leave the matter in your hands, affiderò a te la faccenda; The victim leaves a widow and three children, la vittima lascia la moglie e tre bambini; She left her husband, ha lasciato (o ha abbandonato) il marito; to leave nothing but debts, non lasciare che debiti; to leave one's job, abbandonare (o lasciare) il proprio lavoro; We left him quite well an hour ago, l'abbiamo lasciato un'ora fa e stava benissimo; Leave it to me!, lascialo a me!; ( anche) lascia fare a me!; Leave him to me!, lascialo a me!; lo sistemo io!2 (mat.) fare; restare: Ten minus two leaves eight, dieci meno due fa otto; togliendo due da dieci resta ottoB v. i.● to leave alone, lasciar stare, non tirare in ballo □ to leave sb. alone, lasciar stare q.; lasciare in pace q. □ to leave the army for the Church, abbandonare la carriera militare per il sacerdozio □ to leave sb. be, lasciare stare q.; lasciare in pace q. □ (leg.) to leave by will, legare per testamento □ to leave one's card with sb., lasciare il proprio biglietto da visita a q. □ (fig.) to leave the chair, togliere la seduta; ( anche) lasciare la presidenza □ ( sport) to leave the court (o the field), uscire dal campo; ( anche) essere espulso □ to leave sb. for dead, lasciare q. per morto □ to leave for a place, dirigersi verso (o partire per) un luogo □ (fam.) to leave go, lasciar andare; abbandonare la presa □ to leave hold of, lasciar andare; abbandonare la presa; non trattenere più □ to leave home, ( anche) andarsene da casa; scappare da casa □ to leave sb. in charge of st. (o to leave st. in sb. 's charge), affidare (la custodia di) qc. a q. □ to leave sb. in the lurch, lasciare q. nei guai (o nelle peste); piantare in asso q. □ (fig.) to leave no stone unturned, non lasciar nulla d'intentato; fare tutto il possibile □ (naut.) to leave port, uscire dal porto; salpare □ (ferr.) to leave the rails (o the track), deragliare □ (autom.) to leave the road, uscire di strada □ to leave school, finire la scuola (o gli studi); ( anche) non andare più a scuola, abbandonare gli studi □ (fam.) to leave sb. standing, lasciare q. a bocca aperta (fig.); ( sport: nelle corse, ecc.) staccare, bruciare ( un concorrente) □ to leave the table, alzarsi da tavola □ to leave st. to chance, affidare qc. alla sorte; lasciar decidere qc. al caso □ to leave sb. to himself (o to his own devices), lasciare che q. faccia a modo suo; lasciare q. in balia di sé stesso □ (fam.) to leave sb. to it, lasciar perdere q. □ ( sport) to leave unmarked, lasciare smarcato ( un avversario) □ to leave st. unsaid, trascurare di dire qc.; passare qc. sotto silenzio □ to leave well ( USA: well enough) alone, non pretendere di far meglio; contentarsi ( del risultato raggiunto): Leave well alone!, non cercare di far meglio!; non voler strafare! (cfr. prov. ital. ‘il meglio è nemico del bene’) □ to leave word, lasciar detto: He has left word with my secretary that he'll come tomorrow, ha lasciato detto alla mia segretaria che passerà domani □ (fam.) Let's leave it at that, lasciamo perdere!; non parliamone più □ I leave it to you, mi rimetto a te □ I was left broke, rimasi al verde □ I have only one pound left, mi resta (o mi è rimasta) solo una sterlina.(to) leave (2) /li:v/► to leaf.* * *I [liːv]1) (anche leave of absence) (time off) permesso m., congedo m.; mil. licenza f.on leave — in congedo; mil. in licenza
2) (permission) permesso m., autorizzazione f.to give sb. leave to do — dare a qcn. il permesso di fare
3) (departure)II 1. [liːv]to take leave of sb. — prendere congedo da qcn.
1) (depart from) partire da [house, station etc.]; (more permanently) lasciare [country, city etc.]; (by going out) uscire da [room, building]to leave school — (permanently) lasciare la scuola
to leave the track — [ train] deragliare
to leave the ground — [ plane] staccarsi da terra, decollare
to leave one's seat — lasciare il proprio posto, alzarsi
the smile left her face — fig. il sorriso scomparve dal suo volto
2) (leave behind) (forgetfully) lasciare [ person]; lasciare, dimenticare [ object]; (deliberately) lasciare [ partner]; lasciare [key, instructions]; (permanently) abbandonare [animal, family]to leave sb. sth. — lasciare qcs. a qcn.
to leave sb., sth. in sb.'s care — affidare qcn., qcs. alle cure di qcn
3) (let remain) lasciare [food, drink, gap]you leave me no choice but to... non mi lasci altra scelta che...; to leave sth. tidy lasciare qcs. in ordine; we have five minutes left abbiamo ancora cinque minuti; he was left short of money rimase a corto di denaro; the accident left him an orphan l'incidente lo rese orfano; the attack left her with a scar l'aggressione le procurò una cicatrice; where does that leave me? — che ne sarà di me?
to leave sth. to sb. — lasciare qcs. a qcn. [ task]
to leave it (up) to sb. to do — lasciare a qcn. il compito di fare
to leave the decision (up) to sb. — lasciare la decisione a qcn.
to leave sb. to it — (to do something) lasciare che qcn. se la sbrogli; (to be alone) lasciare perdere qcn.
to leave sb. to himself to leave sb. be colloq. lasciare stare qcn.; leave it to o with me — lascia fare a me
5) (result in) [oil, wine, cup] lasciare [ stain]; fare, lasciare [hole, dent]6) (postpone) lasciare stare [task, homework]to leave it at that — lasciare stare o restare (d'accordo) così
8) (bequeath) lasciare in eredità [money, property] (to a)9) (pass)2. 3.to leave sth. on one's right — lasciare qcs. alla propria destra
to leave oneself (with) — tenersi [time, money]
- leave go- leave on -
10 consider
1. IIconsider in some manner consider carefully. before coming to a decision подумайте как следует, прежде чем принять решение; consider for some time he considered briefly он на мгновение /ненадолго/ задумался; let me consider a little дайте мне немного подумать2. III1) consider smth. consider the facts (a possibility, measures, ways and means, one's actions, an offer, a proposal, etc.) обдумывать факты и т. д., let us consider the matter давайте обсудим /рассмотрим/ это /этот вопрос/; I will consider it я подумаю об этом; the jury retired to consider its verdict присяжные удалились, чтобы обсудить [свое] решение /[свой] вердикт/2) consider smth. consider the expense (the difficulties, the danger, all the points in an argument, etc.) принимать во внимание /учитывать/ расходы и т. д., we must consider his youth мы должны принять во внимание /сделать скидку на/ его молодость3) consider smb., smth. consider others (the feelings of other people, your room-mates, the susceptibilities of these 'woolen, etc.) считаться с другими и т. д.3. IVconsider smth. in same manner consider the matter impartially (dispassionately, attentively, tentatively, fully, sympathetically, etc.) объективно и т. д. рассматривать вопрос; consider your answer carefully продумай как следует свой ответ4. Vconsider smb. smb., smth. consider him a clever man (the man a powerful speaker, her a real artist, the boy a fool, the fellow an ass, him a knave, etc.) считать его умным человеком и r. д.; consider smth. smth. consider teaching a rewarding occupation (writing a lucrative profession, etc.) считать преподавание благодарной работой и т. д., расценивать преподавание как стоящее дело и т. д.; I consider it my duty to tell you about it [я] считаю своим долгом рассказать вам об этом; I consider it a great honour to accompany you считаю для себя большой честью сопровождать вас5. VIconsider smb., smth. as being in some state consider smb., smth. hopeless (crazy, healthy, ill, etc.) считать кого-л., что-л. безнадежным и т. д; consider yourself lucky to have escaped alive ваше счастье /вам повезло/, что вы остались живы; consider smb., smth. as possessing some quality consider smb., smth. bad (adequate, dangerous, etc.) считать кого-л., что-л. плохим и т. д.; we considered her beautiful (lazy, etc.) мы считали ее красивой и т. д.';- it important (clever, necessary, etc.) считать это важным и т. д; do you consider it wise to interfere? вы полагаете, что вмешиваться разумно?;6. VIIconsider smb. to be smth. consider him to be a clever man (her to be a lucky girl, him to be wise, etc.) считать его умным человеком и т. д.; I consider him to be worthy of confidence я считаю /полагаю/, что он заслуживает доверия7. IXconsider smb., smth. done consider the time wasted (the matter closed, the problem solved, etc.) считать время потраченным зря/, что время ушло зря/ и т. д.; consider yourself dismissed а) считайте себя свободным, можете идти; б) считайте, что вы уволены8. XI1) be considered all things considered принимая во внимание все обстоятельства2) be considered smb. he is considered a rich man его считают богатым человеком; she is generally considered to be a very clever person (a very attractive girl, etc.) ее все считают очень умным человеком и т. д., be considered as being in some state he wishes to be considered conscientious and prudent он хочет, чтобы его считали добросовестным и благоразумным; he spoke about the measures considered [to be necessary to curb the epidemic он говорил о мерах, которые были признаны необходимыми для борьбы с эпидемией; be considered as possessing some quality by smb. he was considered intelligent by his chief начальник считал его умным3) be considered he is a man to be considered с этим человеком нельзя не /приходится/ считаться9. XIIIconsiderhow to do smth. consider how to get there (how to convince him, etc.) обдумывать /обсуждать, рассматривать вопрос о том/, как туда доехать /добраться/ и т. д.; consider what to do next (when to start, where to stay, etc.) обдумывать, что делать дальше и т. д.10. XIVconsider doing smth. consider telling her about it (arranging a party, taking part in the boat race, etc.) думать /подумывать/ о том, чтобы рассказать ей об этом и т. д., have you ever considered going by train? не собираешься /не думаешь/ ли ты поехать поездом?; we are considering going to the country мы подумываем о том, не уехать ли нам за город /на дачу/11. XVIIIconsider oneself in some state consider oneself under arrest считать себя под арестом; I always consider myself at home when I'm there там я чувствую себя как дома12. XXI1consider smth. for some time consider the matter for a few moments (for a day or two, for some time, etc.) обдумывать вопрос несколько минут и т. д.; consider smb. for smth. we are considering him for the post (for the job, etc.) мы обдумываем его кандидатуру на этот пост /эту должность/ и т. д; consider smth. from a certain point consider the problem from different standpoints (from his point of view, from a financial point of view, etc.) рассматривать проблему с разных точек зрения и т. д.; consider smth. in smth. he considered it in a different light он рассматривал это с другой точки зрения13. XXIV1consider smth. as smth. consider one's action as an effort to be helpful рассматривать свои действия в качестве попытки оказать помощь /быть полезным/; they considered my plan as a possibility они считали, что мой план вполне может быть осуществлен14. XXIV4consider smth. as done you may consider it as finished (your purse as lost, etc.) можешь считать, что дело кончено и т. д.15. XXV1) consider whether... (what..., etc.) consider whether it will be worth while (what might be done with the money, etc.) подумать о том, стоит ли это делать и т. д.2) consider that... consider that he is very young (that the boy has got little experience, etc.) принимать во внимание /учитывать/, что он очень молод и т. д.; when one considers that he is only 20 если учесть, что ему лишь двадцать лет3) consider that... consider that he is a clever man (that he is a fool, that he ought to do it, that you are not to blame, etc.) считать /полагать/, что он умный человек и т. д.; he considers that he has been badly treated он считает, что к нему плохо отнеслись /что с ним плохо обошлись, что с ним дурно поступили/ -
11 Edison, Thomas Alva
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Automotive engineering, Electricity, Electronics and information technology, Metallurgy, Photography, film and optics, Public utilities, Recording, Telecommunications[br]b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USAd. 18 October 1931 Glenmont[br]American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.[br]He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.Further ReadingM.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.IMcN -
12 some
1. [sʌm (полная форма); səm,sm (редуцированные формы)]á1. 1) какой-нибудь, (хоть) какой-тоsome other solution will have to be found - придётся /нужно/ найти (какое-то) другое решение
give it to some lawyer - передайте /поручите/ это (какому-нибудь) юристу
he will have to make some sort of reply - ему ведь придётся хоть что-то ответить
let's do that some other time - давайте сделаем это как-нибудь в другой раз
come and see me some Monday - приходите ко мне как-нибудь в понедельник /в какой-нибудь из понедельников/
I shall see you some day this week - мы с вами увидимся как-нибудь на этой неделе
can you give me some lunch? - не дадите ли вы мне что-нибудь позавтракать /пообедать/?, не покормите ли вы меня завтраком /обедом/?
2) какой-то, некийsome man wants to speak to you - с тобой хочет поговорить какой-то человек
some Mr. Smith wants to see you - вас хочет видеть некий /какой-то/ мистер Смит
some one - а) какой-нибудь один; choose some one place - выберите какое-нибудь одно место; б) = someone
2. некоторые, одни; другиеsome people say that it is not difficult - некоторые (люди) говорят, что это нетрудно
some fans paid ten dollars for their seats! - есть такие болельщики, которые заплатили по десять долларов за место!
some days he earns more, some days less - в какие-то дни он зарабатывает больше, в какие-то - меньше
3. 1) некоторое количество, немногоhe has some money to spare - у него есть лишние деньги /немного свободных денег/
have some pity! - сжальтесь!, пожалейте (меня)!
2) несколькоI saw some people walking in the garden as I passed - когда я проходил (мимо), я видел нескольких людей, гуляющих в саду
4. немало, порядочноit needs some pluck to do that - это требует известного /немало/ мужества
the station is some distance off - станция находится на некотором расстоянии отсюда
he had some trouble in arranging it - он устроил это с немалым трудом; ему не так просто было устроить это
5. амер. сл. отличный, что надо, хоть кудаit is some cake! - вот это торт!
some heat! - ну и жара, нечего сказать!
that's some rain! - ну и дождь (хлещет)!
three hundred miles an hour! some speed! - триста миль в час! вот это скорость!
6. в сочетаниях:some... or other - тот или иной
in some book or other - в одной из книг, в какой-то книге
we must settle this question some way or other - нам нужно как-то /каким-то образом/ решить /уладить/ этот вопрос
2. [sʌm (полная форма); səm,sm (редуцированные формы)] advsome idiot or other was shouting all the night - какой-то болван /идиот/ орал всю ночь
1. приблизительно, около, примерноwe were some sixty in all - нас было всего /примерно/ шестьдесят
2. разг. несколько, немногоhe felt some better - ему стало несколько лучше; он стал чувствовать себя немного лучше
some few - немного, незначительное количество
3. амер. эмоц.-усил. очень, значительноwe were beaten some - нас разделали под орех, нам поддали как следует
it was a fast train and it went some - это был скорый поезд, и он шёл на всех парах
4. преим. шотл. слегка; чуть-чуть3. [sʌm (полная форма); səm,sm (редуцированные формы)] indef pron1. 1) кое-кто, некоторые, одни; другиеsome think that it is easy - некоторые считают, что это легко
some agree with us, and some disagree - некоторые /одни/ с нами согласны, некоторые /другие/ нет
some of the boys come very early - некоторые мальчики приходят /часть мальчиков приходит/ очень рано
2) кое-что, некоторые, одни; другиеI agree with some of what you say - кое с чем из того, что вы говорите, я согласен
some are gold, some silver - некоторые /одни/ (вещи) из золота, некоторые /другие/ из серебра, кое-что из золота, а кое-что из серебра
some of these days - на днях, скоро
2. 1) некоторое количество, немногоhe will be in town all August and some of September - он пробудет в городе весь август и часть сентября
this is good, will you have some? - это вкусно, хотите (попробовать) немного?
2) несколько, немного... and (then) some... - и ещё сверх того
he wants the lot and then some - ему нужно всё без остатка и ещё сверх того
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13 some
1. [sʌm (полная форма); səm,sm (редуцированные формы)]á1. 1) какой-нибудь, (хоть) какой-тоsome other solution will have to be found - придётся /нужно/ найти (какое-то) другое решение
give it to some lawyer - передайте /поручите/ это (какому-нибудь) юристу
he will have to make some sort of reply - ему ведь придётся хоть что-то ответить
let's do that some other time - давайте сделаем это как-нибудь в другой раз
come and see me some Monday - приходите ко мне как-нибудь в понедельник /в какой-нибудь из понедельников/
I shall see you some day this week - мы с вами увидимся как-нибудь на этой неделе
can you give me some lunch? - не дадите ли вы мне что-нибудь позавтракать /пообедать/?, не покормите ли вы меня завтраком /обедом/?
2) какой-то, некийsome man wants to speak to you - с тобой хочет поговорить какой-то человек
some Mr. Smith wants to see you - вас хочет видеть некий /какой-то/ мистер Смит
some one - а) какой-нибудь один; choose some one place - выберите какое-нибудь одно место; б) = someone
2. некоторые, одни; другиеsome people say that it is not difficult - некоторые (люди) говорят, что это нетрудно
some fans paid ten dollars for their seats! - есть такие болельщики, которые заплатили по десять долларов за место!
some days he earns more, some days less - в какие-то дни он зарабатывает больше, в какие-то - меньше
3. 1) некоторое количество, немногоhe has some money to spare - у него есть лишние деньги /немного свободных денег/
have some pity! - сжальтесь!, пожалейте (меня)!
2) несколькоI saw some people walking in the garden as I passed - когда я проходил (мимо), я видел нескольких людей, гуляющих в саду
4. немало, порядочноit needs some pluck to do that - это требует известного /немало/ мужества
the station is some distance off - станция находится на некотором расстоянии отсюда
he had some trouble in arranging it - он устроил это с немалым трудом; ему не так просто было устроить это
5. амер. сл. отличный, что надо, хоть кудаit is some cake! - вот это торт!
some heat! - ну и жара, нечего сказать!
that's some rain! - ну и дождь (хлещет)!
three hundred miles an hour! some speed! - триста миль в час! вот это скорость!
6. в сочетаниях:some... or other - тот или иной
in some book or other - в одной из книг, в какой-то книге
we must settle this question some way or other - нам нужно как-то /каким-то образом/ решить /уладить/ этот вопрос
2. [sʌm (полная форма); səm,sm (редуцированные формы)] advsome idiot or other was shouting all the night - какой-то болван /идиот/ орал всю ночь
1. приблизительно, около, примерноwe were some sixty in all - нас было всего /примерно/ шестьдесят
2. разг. несколько, немногоhe felt some better - ему стало несколько лучше; он стал чувствовать себя немного лучше
some few - немного, незначительное количество
3. амер. эмоц.-усил. очень, значительноwe were beaten some - нас разделали под орех, нам поддали как следует
it was a fast train and it went some - это был скорый поезд, и он шёл на всех парах
4. преим. шотл. слегка; чуть-чуть3. [sʌm (полная форма); səm,sm (редуцированные формы)] indef pron1. 1) кое-кто, некоторые, одни; другиеsome think that it is easy - некоторые считают, что это легко
some agree with us, and some disagree - некоторые /одни/ с нами согласны, некоторые /другие/ нет
some of the boys come very early - некоторые мальчики приходят /часть мальчиков приходит/ очень рано
2) кое-что, некоторые, одни; другиеI agree with some of what you say - кое с чем из того, что вы говорите, я согласен
some are gold, some silver - некоторые /одни/ (вещи) из золота, некоторые /другие/ из серебра, кое-что из золота, а кое-что из серебра
some of these days - на днях, скоро
2. 1) некоторое количество, немногоhe will be in town all August and some of September - он пробудет в городе весь август и часть сентября
this is good, will you have some? - это вкусно, хотите (попробовать) немного?
2) несколько, немного... and (then) some... - и ещё сверх того
he wants the lot and then some - ему нужно всё без остатка и ещё сверх того
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14 sometime
['sʌmtaɪm] 1.avverbio presto o tardi, prima o poi, un giorno o l'altro2.1) (former) [president, chairman] ex* * *adverb (at an unknown time in the future or the past: We'll go there sometime next week; They went sometime last month.) prima o poi* * *sometime /ˈsʌmtaɪm/A avv.1 una volta o l'altra; presto o tardi; prima o poi: I'll be seeing you sometime ( or other), ti verrò a trovare una volta o l'altra2 un (qualche) giorno: I saw her sometime last week, la vidi un giorno della scorsa settimana; DIALOGO → - Arranging a meeting- I'll be coming up by car sometime in the afternoon, vengo in macchina nel pomeriggioB a. attr.1 antico; ex; già: my sometime teacher, il mio antico insegnante; the sometime sheriff, l'ex sceriffoNOTA D'USO: - sometime, sometimes o some time?-* * *['sʌmtaɪm] 1.avverbio presto o tardi, prima o poi, un giorno o l'altro2.1) (former) [president, chairman] ex -
15 early
A adj1 ( one of the first) [attempt, role, years, play] premier/-ière ; in an early role dans un de ses premiers rôles ; the author's early novels les premiers romans de l'auteur ; the early weeks of the strike les premières semaines de la grève ; one of the earliest attempts une des premières tentatives ; early man les premiers hommes ; in an earlier life dans une vie antérieure ;2 ( sooner than usual) [death] prématuré ; [delivery, settlement] rapide ; [vegetable, fruit] précoce ; to have an early lunch/night/lecture déjeuner/se coucher/avoir cours tôt ; to catch the earlier train prendre le train d'avant ; to take an early holiday GB ou vacation US prendre des vacances tôt en saison ; to take early retirement partir en préretraite ; at the earliest possible opportunity le plus tôt possible, à la première occasion ; at your earliest convenience sout à votre convenance fml ;3 ( in period of time) in early childhood dans la petite ou première enfance ; at an early age à un très jeune âge ; to be in one's early thirties avoir entre 30 et 35 ans ; to make an early start partir tôt ; to take the early train prendre le premier train ; at the earliest au plus tôt ; the earliest I can manage is Monday je ne peux rien faire avant lundi ; at an early hour très tôt ; in the early hours au petit matin ; in the early Middle Ages/60's au début du Moyen Âge/des années 60 ; in the early spring au début du printemps ; in the early afternoon en début d'après-midi ; at an early date ( in future) très bientôt or prochainement ; the earliest days of the cinema les tout débuts du cinéma ; an earlier attempt/experience une tentative/expérience précédente ;4 Biol [gene] précoce.B adv1 ( in period of time) [leave, arrive, book, start] tôt ; [get up, go to bed] tôt, de bonne heure ; it's still early il est encore tôt ; it's too early to say il est trop tôt pour le dire ; Easter falls ou is early this year Pâques tombe tôt cette année ; can you let me know as early as possible? pouvez-vous me le dire aussitôt que possible? ; can you make it earlier? ( arranging date) pouvez-vous ○ plus tôt? ; five minutes earlier cinq minutes plus tôt ; Fred can't get there earlier than 3 pm Fred ne peut pas y être avant 15 h ; as early as 1983 dès 1983 ; early next year/in the film au début de l'année prochaine/du film ; early in the afternoon en début d'après-midi ; (very) early on dès le début ; early on in her career au début de sa carrière ; I realized early on that j'ai compris rapidement que ; as I said earlier comme je l'ai déjà dit ; ‘post GB early for Christmas’ Post envoyez vos vœux de Noël à l'avance ;2 (before expected, too soon) [arrive, leave, ripen] en avance ; I'm sorry to arrive a bit early, I'm sorry I'm a bit early je suis désolé d'arriver un peu en avance ; the postman called ou was early today le facteur est passé tôt aujourd'hui ; the strawberries are early this year les fraises sont en avance cette année ; to do sth two days/three weeks early faire qch avec deux jours/trois semaines d'avance ; to retire early partir en préretraite.early to bed early to rise tôt couché tôt levé ; it's early days yet ce n'est que le début ; it's the early bird that catches the worm! Prov l'avenir appartient à ceux qui se lèvent tôt ; to be an early bird être un/-e lève-tôt ; to be a bit early in the day to say être un peu tôt pour le dire. -
16 set
A n1 ( collection) (of keys, spanners, screwdrivers) jeu m ; (of golf clubs, stamps, coins, chairs) série f ; ( of cutlery) service m ; ( of encyclopedias) collection f ; fig (of data, rules, instructions, tests) série f ; a set of china un service de table ; a new/clean set of clothes des vêtements neufs/propres ; they're sold in sets of 10 ils sont vendus par lots de 10 ; a set of bills Comm, Fin un jeu de connaissements ; a set of fingerprints des empreintes fpl digitales ; a set of stairs un escalier ; a set of traffic lights des feux mpl (de signalisation) ;2 (kit, game) a backgammon/chess set un jeu de jacquet/d'échecs ; a magic set une mallette de magie ;3 ( pair) a set of sheets une paire de draps ; a set of footprints l'empreinte des deux pieds ; a set of false teeth un dentier ; my top/bottom set ( of false teeth) la partie supérieure/inférieure de mon dentier ; one set of grandparents lives in Canada deux de mes grands-parents habitent au Canada ; both sets of parents agreed with us ses parents comme les miens étaient d'accord avec nous ;6 ( group) ( social) monde m ; ( sporting) milieu m ; aristocratic/literary set monde aristocratique/littéraire ; the racing/yachting set le milieu des courses/du yachting ; the smart ou fashionable set les gens à la mode ; he's not part of our set il ne fait pas partie de notre groupe ;8 Math ensemble m ;9 GB Sch (class, group) groupe m ; to be in the top set for maths être dans le groupe des meilleurs en maths ;10 ( hair-do) mise f en plis ; to have a shampoo and set se faire faire un shampooing et une mise en plis ;11 Mus concert m ;12 ( position) ( of sails) réglage m ; you could tell by the set of his jaw that he was stubborn ça se voyait à sa tête qu'il était têtu ;14 ( of badger) terrier m ;15 Hort plante f à repiquer ;B adj1 ( fixed) ( épith) [pattern, procedure, rule, task] bien déterminé ; [time, price] fixe ; [menu] à prix fixe ; [formula] toute faite ; [idea] arrêté ; I had no set purpose in arranging the meeting je n'avais pas d'objectif précis quand j'ai organisé cette réunion ; set phrase, set expression expression f consacrée, locution f figée ; to be set in one's ideas ou opinions avoir des idées bien arrêtées ; to be set in one's ways avoir ses habitudes ; the weather is set fair le temps est au beau fixe ;2 ( stiff) [expression, smile] figé ;3 Sch, Univ ( prescribed) [book, text] au programme ; there are five set topics on the history syllabus il y a cinq sujets au programme d'histoire ;4 ( ready) ( jamais épith) prêt (for pour) ; to be (all) set to leave/start être prêt à partir/commencer ; they're set to win/lose tout laisse à croire qu'ils vont gagner/perdre ;5 ( determined) to be (dead) set against sth/doing être tout à fait contre qch/l'idée de faire ; he's really set against my resigning/marrying il est tout à fait contre ma démission/mon mariage ; to be set on sth/on doing tenir absolument à qch/à faire ;1 (place, position) placer [chair, ornament] (on sur) ; poster [guard, sentry] ; monter, sertir [gem] (in dans) ; to set sth against a wall mettre qch contre un mur [bike, ladder] ; to set sth before sb lit placer qch devant qn [food, plate] ; fig présenter qch à qn [proposals, findings] ; to set sth in the ground enfoncer qch dans le sol [stake] ; to set sth into sth encastrer qch dans qch ; to set sth straight lit ( align) remettre qch droit [painting] ; fig ( tidy) remettre de l'ordre dans qch [papers, room] ; to set sth upright redresser qch ; a house set among the trees une maison située au milieu des arbres ; to set matters ou the record straight fig mettre les choses au point ; a necklace set with rubies un collier incrusté de rubis ; his eyes are set very close together ses yeux sont très rapprochés ;2 ( prepare) mettre [table] ; tendre [trap] ; set three places mets trois couverts ; to set the stage ou scene for sth fig préparer le lieu de qch [encounter, match] ; the stage is set for the final tout est prêt pour la finale ; to set one's mark ou stamp on sth laisser sa marque sur qch ;3 (affix, establish) fixer [date, deadline, place, price, target] ; lancer [fashion, trend] ; donner [tone] ; établir [precedent, record] ; to set a good/bad example to sb montrer le bon/mauvais exemple à qn ; to set one's sights on viser [championship, job] ;4 ( adjust) mettre [qch] à l'heure [clock] ; mettre [alarm clock, burglar alarm] ; programmer [timer, video] ; to set the oven to 180° mettre le four sur 180° ; to set the controls to manual passer au mode manuel ; to set the video to record the film programmer le magnétoscope pour enregistrer le film ; to set the alarm for 7 am mettre le réveil pour 7 heures ; set your watch by mine règle ta montre sur la mienne ; I set the heating to come on at 6 am j'ai réglé le chauffage pour qu'il se mette en route à six heures ; to set the counter back to zero remettre le compteur à zéro ;5 ( start) to set sth going mettre qch en marche [machine, motor] ; to set sb laughing/thinking faire rire/réfléchir qn ; to set sb to work doing charger qn de faire ; the noise set the dogs barking le bruit a fait aboyer les chiens ;6 (impose, prescribe) [teacher] donner [homework, essay] ; poser [problem] ; créer [crossword puzzle] ; to set an exam préparer les sujets d'examen ; to set a book/subject for study mettre un texte/un sujet au programme ; to set sb the task of doing charger qn de faire ;7 Cin, Literat, Theat, TV situer ; to set a book in 1960/New York situer un roman en 1960/à New York ; the film/novel is set in Munich/in the 1950's le film/roman se passe à Munich/dans les années 50 ;9 Print composer [text, type] (in en) ;11 ( style) to set sb's hair faire une mise en plis à qn ; to have one' s hair set se faire faire une mise en plis ;12 ( cause to harden) faire prendre [jam, concrete] ;13 ( esteem) to set sb above/below sb placer qn au-dessus/en dessous de qn ;14 GB Sch grouper [qn] par niveau [pupils].1 [sun] se coucher ;3 Med [fracture, bone] se ressouder.to be well set-up ○ ( financially) avoir les moyens ○ ; ( physically) [woman] être bien balancé ○ ; to make a (dead) set at sb ○ GB se lancer à la tête de qn ○.■ set about:▶ set about [sth] se mettre à [work, duties] ; to set about doing commencer à faire ; to set about the job ou task ou business of doing commencer à faire ; I know what I want to do but I don't know how to set about it je sais ce que je veux faire mais je ne sais pas comment m'y prendre ;▶ set about [sb] ○ attaquer qn (with avec) ;▶ set [sth] about faire courir [rumour, story] ; to set it about that… faire courir le bruit que…■ set against:▶ set sth against sth ( compare) confronter qch à qch ; you have to set his evidence against what you already know vous devez examiner son témoignage à la lumière de ce que vous savez déjà ; the benefits seem small, set against the risks par rapport aux risques les bénéfices semblent maigres.■ set apart:▶ set [sb/sth] apart distinguer [person, book, film] (from de).■ set aside:▶ set [sth] aside, set aside [sth]1 ( put down) poser [qch] de côté [book, knitting] ;3 ( disregard) mettre [qch] de côté [differences, prejudices] ;■ set back:▶ set [sth] back1 ( position towards the rear) reculer [chair, table] ; the house is set back from the road la maison est située un peu en retrait de la route ;2 ( adjust) retarder [clock, watch] ;▶ set [sb] back ○ coûter les yeux de la tête à ○ ; that car must have set you back a bit cette voiture a dû te coûter les yeux de la tête ; it set me back 2,000 dollars ça m'a coûté 2 000 dollars.■ set by:▶ set [sth] by, set by [sth] mettre [qch] de côté.■ set down:▶ set [sb/sth] down déposer [passenger] ; poser [suitcases, vase] ;▶ set down [sth], set [sth] down1 ( establish) fixer [code of practice, conditions, criteria] ;2 ( record) enregistrer [event, fact] ; to set down one' s thoughts (on paper) consigner ses pensées par écrit ;3 ( land) poser [helicopter].■ set forth:▶ set forth [sth] exposer [findings, facts] ; présenter [argument].■ set in:▶ set in [infection, gangrene] se déclarer ; [complications] survenir ; [winter] arriver ; [depression, resentment] s'installer ; the rain has set in for the afternoon la pluie va durer toute l'après-midi ;■ set off:▶ set off partir (for pour) ; to set off on a journey/an expedition partir en voyage/expédition ; to set off to do partir faire ; he set off on a long description/story il s'est lancé dans une longue description/histoire ;▶ set [off] sth, set [sth] off1 ( trigger) déclencher [alarm] ; faire partir [firework] ; faire exploser [bomb] ; déclencher [riot, row, panic] ;2 ( enhance) mettre [qch] en valeur [colour, dress, tan] ;3 Fin to set sth off against profits/debts déduire qch des bénéfices/des dettes ;▶ set [sb] off faire pleurer [baby] ; she laughed and that set me off elle a ri et ça m'a fait rire à mon tour ; don't mention politics, you know it always sets him off ne parle pas de politique tu sais bien que quand il est parti on ne peut plus l'arrêter.■ set on:▶ set on [sb] attaquer qn ;▶ set [sth] on sb lâcher [qch] contre qn [dog] ; to set sb onto sb ou sb's track mettre qn sur la piste de qn.■ set out:▶ set out ( leave) se mettre en route (for pour ; to do pour faire) ; we set out from Paris/the house at 9 am nous avons quitté Paris/la maison à 9 heures ; to set out on a journey/an expedition partir en voyage/expédition ; to set out to do ( intend) [book, report, speech] avoir pour but de faire ; [person] chercher à faire ; ( start) commencer à faire ;▶ set [sth] out, set out [sth]1 ( spread out) disposer [goods] ; disposer [food] ; étaler [books, papers] ; disposer [chairs] ; préparer [board game] ; disposer [chessmen] ; organiser [information] ;2 (state, explain) présenter [conclusions, ideas, proposals] ; formuler [objections, terms].■ set to s'y mettre.■ set up:▶ set up ( establish oneself) [business person, trader] s'établir ; to set up on one's own s'établir à son compte ; to set up (shop) as a decorator/caterer s'établir en tant que décorateur/traiteur ; to set up in business monter une affaire ;▶ set [sth] up, set up [sth]1 ( erect) monter [stand, stall] ; assembler [equipment, easel] ; déplier [deckchair] ; ériger [roadblock] ; dresser [statue] ; to set up home ou house s'installer ; to set up camp installer un campement ;3 (found, establish) créer [business, company] ; implanter [factory] ; former [support group, charity] ; constituer [committee, commission] ; ouvrir [fund] ; lancer [initiative, scheme] ;6 Print composer [page] ;▶ set [sb] up1 ( establish in business) she set her son up (in business) as a gardener elle a aidé son fils à s'installer comme jardinier ;2 (improve one's health, fortune) remettre [qn] sur pied ; there's nothing like a good vacation to set you up rien de tel que de bonnes vacances pour vous remettre sur pied ; that deal has set her up for life grâce à ce contrat elle n'aura plus à se soucier de rien ;3 ○ GB ( trap) [police] tendre un piège à [criminal] ; [colleague, friend] monter un coup contre [person] ;4 Comput installer, configurer ;▶ set [oneself] up1 Comm she set herself up as a financial advisor elle s'est mise à son compte comme conseiller financier ; to set oneself up in business se mettre à son compte ;2 ( claim) I don't set myself up to be an expert je ne prétends pas être expert ; she sets herself up as an authority on French art elle prétend faire autorité en matière d'art français.■ set upon:▶ set upon [sb] attaquer qn. -
17 Roberts, Richard
[br]b. 22 April 1789 Carreghova, Llanymynech, Montgomeryshire, Walesd. 11 March 1864 London, England[br]Welsh mechanical engineer and inventor.[br]Richard Roberts was the son of a shoemaker and tollkeeper and received only an elementary education at the village school. At the age of 10 his interest in mechanics was stimulated when he was allowed by the Curate, the Revd Griffith Howell, to use his lathe and other tools. As a young man Roberts acquired a considerable local reputation for his mechanical skills, but these were exercised only in his spare time. For many years he worked in the local limestone quarries, until at the age of 20 he obtained employment as a pattern-maker in Staffordshire. In the next few years he worked as a mechanic in Liverpool, Manchester and Salford before moving in 1814 to London, where he obtained employment with Henry Maudslay. In 1816 he set up on his own account in Manchester. He soon established a reputation there for gear-cutting and other general engineering work, especially for the textile industry, and by 1821 he was employing about twelve men. He built machine tools mainly for his own use, including, in 1817, one of the first planing machines.One of his first inventions was a gas meter, but his first patent was obtained in 1822 for improvements in looms. His most important contribution to textile technology was his invention of the self-acting spinning mule, patented in 1825. The normal fourteen-year term of this patent was extended in 1839 by a further seven years. Between 1826 and 1828 Roberts paid several visits to Alsace, France, arranging cottonspinning machinery for a new factory at Mulhouse. By 1826 he had become a partner in the firm of Sharp Brothers, the company then becoming Sharp, Roberts \& Co. The firm continued to build textile machinery, and in the 1830s it built locomotive engines for the newly created railways and made one experimental steam-carriage for use on roads. The partnership was dissolved in 1843, the Sharps establishing a new works to continue locomotive building while Roberts retained the existing factory, known as the Globe Works, where he soon after took as partners R.G.Dobinson and Benjamin Fothergill (1802–79). This partnership was dissolved c. 1851, and Roberts continued in business on his own for a few years before moving to London as a consulting engineer.During the 1840s and 1850s Roberts produced many new inventions in a variety of fields, including machine tools, clocks and watches, textile machinery, pumps and ships. One of these was a machine controlled by a punched-card system similar to the Jacquard loom for punching rivet holes in plates. This was used in the construction of the Conway and Menai Straits tubular bridges. Roberts was granted twenty-six patents, many of which, before the Patent Law Amendment Act of 1852, covered more than one invention; there were still other inventions he did not patent. He made his contribution to the discussion which led up to the 1852 Act by publishing, in 1830 and 1833, pamphlets suggesting reform of the Patent Law.In the early 1820s Roberts helped to establish the Manchester Mechanics' Institute, and in 1823 he was elected a member of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester. He frequently contributed to their proceedings and in 1861 he was made an Honorary Member. He was elected a Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1838. From 1838 to 1843 he served as a councillor of the then-new Municipal Borough of Manchester. In his final years, without the assistance of business partners, Roberts suffered financial difficulties, and at the time of his death a fund for his aid was being raised.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember, Institution of Civil Engineers 1838.Further ReadingThere is no full-length biography of Richard Roberts but the best account is H.W.Dickinson, 1945–7, "Richard Roberts, his life and inventions", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 25:123–37.W.H.Chaloner, 1968–9, "New light on Richard Roberts, textile engineer (1789–1864)", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 41:27–44.RTS -
18 Science
It is a common notion, or at least it is implied in many common modes of speech, that the thoughts, feelings, and actions of sentient beings are not a subject of science.... This notion seems to involve some confusion of ideas, which it is necessary to begin by clearing up. Any facts are fitted, in themselves, to be a subject of science, which follow one another according to constant laws; although those laws may not have been discovered, nor even to be discoverable by our existing resources. (Mill, 1900, B. VI, Chap. 3, Sec. 1)One class of natural philosophers has always a tendency to combine the phenomena and to discover their analogies; another class, on the contrary, employs all its efforts in showing the disparities of things. Both tendencies are necessary for the perfection of science, the one for its progress, the other for its correctness. The philosophers of the first of these classes are guided by the sense of unity throughout nature; the philosophers of the second have their minds more directed towards the certainty of our knowledge. The one are absorbed in search of principles, and neglect often the peculiarities, and not seldom the strictness of demonstration; the other consider the science only as the investigation of facts, but in their laudable zeal they often lose sight of the harmony of the whole, which is the character of truth. Those who look for the stamp of divinity on every thing around them, consider the opposite pursuits as ignoble and even as irreligious; while those who are engaged in the search after truth, look upon the other as unphilosophical enthusiasts, and perhaps as phantastical contemners of truth.... This conflict of opinions keeps science alive, and promotes it by an oscillatory progress. (Oersted, 1920, p. 352)Most of the fundamental ideas of science are essentially simple, and may, as a rule, be expressed in a language comprehensible to everyone. (Einstein & Infeld, 1938, p. 27)A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it. (Planck, 1949, pp. 33-34)[Original quotation: "Eine neue wissenschaftliche Wahrheit pflegt sich nicht in der Weise durchzusetzen, dass ihre Gegner ueberzeugt werden und sich as belehrt erklaeren, sondern vielmehr dadurch, dass die Gegner allmaehlich aussterben und dass die heranwachsende Generation von vornherein mit der Wahrheit vertraut gemacht ist." (Planck, 1990, p. 15)]I had always looked upon the search for the absolute as the noblest and most worth while task of science. (Planck, 1949, p. 46)If you cannot-in the long run-tell everyone what you have been doing, your doing has been worthless. (SchroЁdinger, 1951, pp. 7-8)Even for the physicist the description in plain language will be a criterion of the degree of understanding that has been reached. (Heisenberg, 1958, p. 168)The old scientific ideal of episteґmeґ-of absolutely certain, demonstrable knowledge-has proved to be an idol. The demand for scientific objectivity makes it inevitable that every scientific statement must remain tentative forever. It may indeed be corroborated, but every corroboration is relative to other statements which, again, are tentative. Only in our subjective experiences of conviction, in our subjective faith, can we be "absolutely certain." (Popper, 1959, p. 280)The layman, taught to revere scientists for their absolute respect for the observed facts, and for the judiciously detached and purely provisional manner in which they hold scientific theories (always ready to abandon a theory at the sight of any contradictory evidence) might well have thought that, at Miller's announcement of this overwhelming evidence of a "positive effect" [indicating that the speed of light is not independent from the motion of the observer, as Einstein's theory of relativity demands] in his presidential address to the American Physical Society on December 29th, 1925, his audience would have instantly abandoned the theory of relativity. Or, at the very least, that scientists-wont to look down from the pinnacle of their intellectual humility upon the rest of dogmatic mankind-might suspend judgment in this matter until Miller's results could be accounted for without impairing the theory of relativity. But no: by that time they had so well closed their minds to any suggestion which threatened the new rationality achieved by Einstein's world-picture, that it was almost impossible for them to think again in different terms. Little attention was paid to the experiments, the evidence being set aside in the hope that it would one day turn out to be wrong. (Polanyi, 1958, pp. 12-13)The practice of normal science depends on the ability, acquired from examplars, to group objects and situations into similarity sets which are primitive in the sense that the grouping is done without an answer to the question, "Similar with respect to what?" (Kuhn, 1970, p. 200)Science in general... does not consist in collecting what we already know and arranging it in this or that kind of pattern. It consists in fastening upon something we do not know, and trying to discover it. (Collingwood, 1972, p. 9)Scientific fields emerge as the concerns of scientists congeal around various phenomena. Sciences are not defined, they are recognized. (Newell, 1973a, p. 1)This is often the way it is in physics-our mistake is not that we take our theories too seriously, but that we do not take them seriously enough. I do not think it is possible really to understand the successes of science without understanding how hard it is-how easy it is to be led astray, how difficult it is to know at any time what is the next thing to be done. (Weinberg, 1977, p. 49)Science is wonderful at destroying metaphysical answers, but incapable of providing substitute ones. Science takes away foundations without providing a replacement. Whether we want to be there or not, science has put us in a position of having to live without foundations. It was shocking when Nietzsche said this, but today it is commonplace; our historical position-and no end to it is in sight-is that of having to philosophize without "foundations." (Putnam, 1987, p. 29)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Science
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19 Heathcote, John
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 7 August 1783 Duffield, Derbyshire, Englandd. 18 January 1861 Tiverton, Devonshire, England[br]English inventor of the bobbin-net lace machine.[br]Heathcote was the son of a small farmer who became blind, obliging the family to move to Long Whatton, near Loughborough, c.1790. He was apprenticed to W.Shepherd, a hosiery-machine maker, and became a frame-smith in the hosiery industry. He moved to Nottingham where he entered the employment of an excellent machine maker named Elliott. He later joined William Caldwell of Hathern, whose daughter he had married. The lace-making apparatus they patented jointly in 1804 had already been anticipated, so Heathcote turned to the problem of making pillow lace, a cottage industry in which women made lace by arranging pins stuck in a pillow in the correct pattern and winding around them thread contained on thin bobbins. He began by analysing the complicated hand-woven lace into simple warp and weft threads and found he could dispense with half the bobbins. The first machine he developed and patented, in 1808, made narrow lace an inch or so wide, but the following year he made much broader lace on an improved version. In his second patent, in 1809, he could make a type of net curtain, Brussels lace, without patterns. His machine made bobbin-net by the use of thin brass discs, between which the thread was wound. As they passed through the warp threads, which were arranged vertically, the warp threads were moved to each side in turn, so as to twist the bobbin threads round the warp threads. The bobbins were in two rows to save space, and jogged on carriages in grooves along a bar running the length of the machine. As the strength of this fabric depended upon bringing the bobbin threads diagonally across, in addition to the forward movement, the machine had to provide for a sideways movement of each bobbin every time the lengthwise course was completed. A high standard of accuracy in manufacture was essential for success. Called the "Old Loughborough", it was acknowledged to be the most complicated machine so far produced. In partnership with a man named Charles Lacy, who supplied the necessary capital, a factory was established at Loughborough that proved highly successful; however, their fifty-five frames were destroyed by Luddites in 1816. Heathcote was awarded damages of £10,000 by the county of Nottingham on the condition it was spent locally, but to avoid further interference he decided to transfer not only his machines but his entire workforce elsewhere and refused the money. In a disused woollen factory at Tiverton in Devonshire, powered by the waters of the river Exe, he built 300 frames of greater width and speed. By continually making inventions and improvements until he retired in 1843, his business flourished and he amassed a large fortune. He patented one machine for silk cocoon-reeling and another for plaiting or braiding. In 1825 he brought out two patents for the mechanical ornamentation or figuring of lace. He acquired a sound knowledge of French prior to opening a steam-powered lace factory in France. The factory proved to be a successful venture that lasted many years. In 1832 he patented a monstrous steam plough that is reputed to have cost him over £12,000 and was claimed to be the best in its day. One of its stated aims was "improved methods of draining land", which he hoped would develop agriculture in Ireland. A cable was used to haul the implement across the land. From 1832 to 1859, Heathcote represented Tiverton in Parliament and, among other benefactions, he built a school for his adopted town.[br]Bibliography1804, with William Caldwell, British patent no. 2,788 (lace-making machine). 1808. British patent no. 3,151 (machine for making narrow lace).1809. British patent no. 3,216 (machine for making Brussels lace). 1813, British patent no. 3,673.1825, British patent no. 5,103 (mechanical ornamentation of lace). 1825, British patent no. 5,144 (mechanical ornamentation of lace).Further ReadingV.Felkin, 1867, History of the Machine-wrought Hosiery and Lace Manufacture, Nottingham (provides a full account of Heathcote's early life and his inventions).A.Barlow, 1878, The History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power, London (provides more details of his later years).W.G.Allen, 1958 John Heathcote and His Heritage (biography).M.R.Lane, 1980, The Story of the Steam Plough Works, Fowlers of Leeds, London (for comments about Heathcote's steam plough).W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London, and C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History ofTechnology, Vol. V, Oxford: Clarendon Press (both describe the lace-making machine).RLH -
20 Language
Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)[A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling itSolving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into anotherLANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own LanguageThe forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)[It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human InteractionLanguage cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language
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